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In addition, the variety of age spans covered in these studies may account for some of the discrepancies in findings. In much the same way that secular changes in heights have occurred during the past century, cerebral volumes may also be changing as maternal health and nutrition improve. 29 Second, in case of cohort effects, caution must be exercised when drawing conclusions about true age-related changes. 19 This intersex variation can only partly be adjusted for by normalizing to total intracranial volume (TIV). For example, a large biological variation exists in head size between sexes, and men have brain volumes that are on average 10% larger than those of women. First, the large amount of between-individual variation that exists in the normal cerebral morphology reduces the sensitivity of methods to detect true cerebral volume differences between groups of subjects of different ages. 9, 11, 12, 14, 16 - 18 However, some contradictory evidence from other studies shows no significant association between age and ventricular CSF spaces 13, 14 and whole-brain, 21 temporal lobe, 21, 26 or hippocampal 27, 28 volume.Ĭross-sectional studies have a number of disadvantages. 19, 20 Some studies have shown age-related decreases in hippocampal, 18, 21, 22 temporal, 13, 22 and frontal lobe 16, 23 - 25 volumes and increases in CSF spaces. Numerous cross-sectional imaging studies have found a correlation between increasing age and decreasing brain volumes, 11 - 18 and these findings are substantiated by postmortem data. As a result, normative longitudinal data are needed for sample size calculations for progression trials.
#Fox brain app trial#
For trial purposes, the best one could expect of a drug designed to slow disease progression in AD is to reduce the rate of atrophy to that seen in normal aging. 10 For diagnostic purposes, it is important to understand the structural aging process to differentiate pathologic rates of atrophy from normal age-related changes. Rates of regional or global atrophy have also been proposed as surrogate markers of disease progression for use in clinical trials. These measures have shown global brain atrophy, 1 - 3 reduced temporal lobe and in particular hippocampal volumes, 4 - 8 and increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces 9 when subjects with AD are compared with control subjects.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–based measurements of the brain have been proposed as aids in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and other types of dementia. Addressing this public health problem is a major challenge currently facing medical research. However, the aging brain is associated with a greatly increased prevalence of dementia. THE INCREASES in life expectancy during the past 100 years constitute one of the great achievements of medical research and public health. A better understanding of this process may help to discriminate normal age-related changes from neurodegenerative diseases. Some evidence indicates that this decline in brain volumes may be due to a nonlinear acceleration in rates of atrophy with increasing age. 01).Ĭonclusions We found a significant age-associated decrease in global and regional brain volumes. This increase in rates after 70 years of age was particularly marked in the ventricles ( P<.001) and the hippocampi ( P =.
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We also found directional evidence of acceleration in atrophy rates with increasing age in all analyses, with the most marked changes occurring after 70 years of age.
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Cross-sectional and longitudinal estimates of atrophy rates were similar. 003) volumes and a significant increase in ventricular volume ( P<.001) with increasing age. Results We found significant decreases in cross-sectional whole-brain ( P<.001), temporal lobe ( P<.001), and hippocampal ( P =. Measurements included the whole-brain, temporal lobe, hippocampal, and ventricular volumes at baseline and for repeat scans.
#Fox brain app serial#
Methods Thirty-nine healthy control subjects (age range, 31-84 years) underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging assessments. Objective To investigate the effect of age on global and regional brain volumes and rates of atrophy, and to compare directly results based on cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Shared Decision Making and Communication.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine.Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience.Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography.